Central and State Public
Sector Undertakings (PSUs) played an integral role in the country’s economic
development and industrialisation in the pre-independence as well as the
post-independence period. PSUs have been set up with the aim to achieve higher
GDP growth, self-reliance in production of goods and services, long-term
equilibrium in balance of payments, and low and stable prices.
After the economic reforms
and liberalisation in 1991, the government opened the sectors exclusively
reserved for PSUs to the private sector, leading to increased competition from
both domestic private companies and large MNCs. Over the years, the government
has taken initiatives to bring Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) on par
with the domestic private companies.
During the first five-year
plan (1950-51 to 1955-56), there were only five CPSEs in the country with a
financial investment of ` 290 mn (including paid-up share capital, share
application money pending allotment, money received against share warrants and
long-term loans). Since then they have grown to 260 CPSEs with a financial
investment of ` 7,292.3 bn as on Mar 31, 2012 (including 225 operating and
excluding seven insurance companies). Greenfield project based CPSEs have
increased in number subsequent to the various initiatives under taken during
the five-year plans.
The growth in the number of
CPSEs reflects the significant increase in investments. The financial
investment in CPSEs has grown at 12% CAGR from ` 4,555.5 bn in FY08 to `
7,292.3 bn in FY12. Enhanced scale of operations along with latest technology
adoption to counter stiff competition has led to increased financial
investments in CPSEs.
During FY12, the financial
investment in CPSEs witnessed 20.7% Y-o-Y growth. Sector wise, CPSEs in the services
sector had the maximum share of ~49.8% in the total financial investments as on
Mar 31, 2012, followed by the electricity sector with 25.9% share,
manufacturing sector with 15.8% share, and mining sector with 6.6% share.
The total real investments
in CPSEs in terms of gross block witnessed 11% Y-o-Y growth during FY12 to `
13,735.3 bn from ` 12,370.5 bn in FY11. Sector wise, the CPSEs in the
manufacturing sector had the highest share of the gross block at 28.3%,
followed by electricity with 25.6% share, mining with 23.5%, and services with
21.5% share. Sector wise, the electricity sector witnessed 13.9% Y-o-Y growth
in investment in terms of gross block, manufacturing sector recorded 13.2%
growth, mining sector recorded 11.8% growth, and services sector registered
2.9% growth.
CPSEs have a turnover
equivalent to 20% of India’s GDP
The contribution of CPSEs in
terms of total turnover as a percentage of GDP has ranged 20%-24% during
FY08-FY12, with the highest contribution of 24% recorded in FY09. CPSEs witnessed
a decline in turnover in FY10 primarily due to reduction in sale of refined
petroleum, steel, fertilizer, and telecom sectors, which led to a decline in
contribution to GDP in FY10 post a superior growth period witnessed in FY09. In
FY12, the contribution of CPSEs to GDP has grown to 22.1% due to superior
growth in turnover in comparison to the GDP growth.
CPSEs’ forex earnings
contribute 9% of India’s total export earnings
PSUs are increasingly
focusing on international trade in goods and services, which directly has a
bearing on the foreign exchange earnings of the country. CPSEs’ foreign
exchange earnings primarily through export of goods and merchandise, income
from royalty and consultancy services, and interest earnings have grown
substantially at 16.5% CAGR from ` 676.8 bn in FY08 to ` 1,244.9 bn in FY12. In
FY12, 34 CPSEs were net foreign exchange earners. The CPSEs’ forex earnings on
an average accounted for 9% of the total export earnings of the country during
FY08-FY12. However, the share of CPSEs’ forex earnings to total export earnings
of the country has declined from 10.3% in FY08 to 8.5% in FY12.
The share of CPSEs’ forex
earnings to overall turnover of the CPSEs has averaged 6% during FY08-FY12 and
stood at ~6.8% in FY12. In FY11, the CPSEs’ foreign exchange earnings witnessed
8.9% decelerated growth and stood at ` 917.7 bn in FY11. During FY12, CPSEs
foreign exchange earnings grew 35.7% Y-o-Y to ` 1,244.9 bn.
Export of goods and
merchandise was the major source of foreign exchange earnings for CPSEs during
FY08- FY12, with an average of ~ 90% share in their total foreign exchange
earnings.
Central Exchequer
sources’ majority (65%) of the revenue from CPSEs through payment of excise
duty and corporate taxes
CPSEs offer a source of
income to Central Exchequer in two ways i) through investments in CPSEs such as
payment of dividend, interest on government loans and ii) payment of taxes and
duties. In FY12, the total contribution of CPSEs to the Central Exchequer grew
2.6% from ` 1,567.5 bn in FY11 to ` 1,608 bn in FY12 because of the increase in
contribution towards corporate tax (27.6%) and excise duty (38%), and dividend
on investments made by the central government (17.7%). However, there was a
decline in custom duty, other duties and taxes, and dividend tax in FY12.
The total contribution from
CPSEs to Central Exchequer reflects a negative growth of 0.8% CAGR during
FY08–FY12.This is primarily due to a decline in contribution during FY09 and
FY10 mainly due to the global recession and the slowdown of Indian economy
during the same period. Further, during FY09-FY10, the contribution towards
customs duty declined from ` 133.9 bn in FY08 to ` 68.9 bn in FY10 and that of
excise duty declined from ` 689.3 bn in FY08 to ` 526.3 bn in FY10.
The Central Exchequer
sources majority of the revenue from CPSEs through various taxes and duties. On
an average, payment of excise duty and corporate taxes accounted for ~40% and
~25% of the contribution to Central Exchequer respectively over FY08-FY12.
However, contribution from
excise duty has decreased from 41.5% in FY08 to 38% in FY12 and that of customs
duty has decreased from 8.1% in FY08 to 7.2% in FY12. On the other hand,
contribution from payment towards dividend on investments made by the
government, payment of corporate and dividend taxes has increased over
FY08-FY12. Interest paid to Central Exchequer also declined from ` 7.5 bn in
FY08 to ` 2.8 bn in FY12.
During FY08-FY12, dividend
payment on government loans and payment of dividend tax were the fastest
growing sources of revenue for the Central Exchequer recording 10.1% and 8.3%
CAGR respectively.
CPSEs contribute ~5%
towards employment generation in the organised sector
PSUs have been integral for
the country in generating employment opportunities. They have contributed to
~5% of the employment generation in the organised sector during FY08-FY11,
making them one of the largest employers in the country.
In FY12, CPSEs employed 1.4
mn people (excluding casual and daily rated workers), of which 25% belonged to
the managerial and supervisory cadre, indicating that CPSEs have a high
percentage of skilled workforces.
The total number of
employees in CPSEs has witnessed a declining trend from FY08–FY12 at -2.8%
CAGR. In FY12, number of employees declined 2.9% from 1.44 mn employees in
FY11.
Despite the decline in the
number of employees, average annual per capita emoluments have increased from `
410,898 in FY08 to ` 753,984 in FY12 at 16.4% CAGR. Further, the total
emoluments have registered 13.1% CAGR from ` 643.1 bn in FY08 to ` 1,054.1 bn
in FY12.
Performance of CPSEs
The government has accorded
the status of ‘Maharatna’, ‘Navratna’, ‘Miniratna – Category I’ and ‘Miniratna
– Category II’ to certain CPSEs based on their evaluation on select criteria.
These CPSEs have been empowered with operational and financial autonomy to
equip themselves to react proactively to market forces. As on Feb 2013, there
are 7 Maharatna CPSEs, 14 Navratna CPSEs, 53 Miniratna – Category I CPSEs and
16 Miniratna – Category II CPSEs.
CPSEs account for
over 20% of BSE’s market capitalization
Out of the 260 CPSEs and
subsidiaries of CPSEs, 50 were listed as on Apr 30, 2013, of which 46 were
listed at the BSE, accounting for 18% of the total market capitalisation of all
5,004 companies listed at the BSE.
Further, 28 Public Sector
Banks (PSBs) with their subsidiaries and six State Level Public Enterprises
(SLPEs) accounted for another 5% of the total market capitalisation at the BSE.
All PSUs collectively accounted for 23.2% of the total market capitalization at
the BSE or ~ ` 15,430 bn as on Apr 30, 2013.
The PSU with the highest
market capitalisation is Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd (ONGC) at `
2,797.2 bn listed on the BSE as on Apr 30, 2013.
During FY12, market
capitalisation of the BSE Sensex declined 6.2% along with 6.9% and 10.7%
decline of the BSE Teck and BSE Bankex. The market capitalisation of BSE PSU
after witnessing 12.4% growth in FY11 declined the most by 17.7% from `
19,485.6 bn in FY11 to ` 16,030.9 bn in FY12, largely impacted by the Eurozone
crisis and the slowdown in major economies. However, in absolute terms BSE PSU
has the highest market capitalisation of ` 16,030.9 bn, followed by BSE Bankex
at ` 3,906.1 bn, and BSE Teck at ` 3,459.6 bn in FY12.
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